{"id":279,"date":"2020-08-05T14:41:00","date_gmt":"2020-08-05T14:41:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.realtrends.com\/blog\/2020\/08\/05\/supreme-court-rules-that-the-cfpbs-structure-is-unconstitutional\/"},"modified":"2025-03-13T02:01:08","modified_gmt":"2025-03-13T02:01:08","slug":"supreme-court-rules-that-the-cfpbs-structure-is-unconstitutional","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.realtrends.com\/blog\/2020\/08\/05\/supreme-court-rules-that-the-cfpbs-structure-is-unconstitutional\/","title":{"rendered":"Supreme Court Rules That the CFPB&#8217;s Structure Is Unconstitutional"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"vertical-align: middle;\"><em>The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau\u2019s (CFPB) single-director leadership structure violates the separation of powers clause in the U.S. Constitution.&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/em><em>&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p style=\"vertical-align: middle;\">In <em>Seila Law v. CFPB,<\/em> a California-based law firm that provides debt-relief services to consumers, was under investigation by the CFPB for possible violations of telemarketing sales rules. Seila Law challenged the CFPB\u2019s civil investigative demand, arguing that the Bureau\u2019s structure is unconstitutional because its single director can only be removed by the President \u201cfor cause\u201d instead of \u201cat will\u201d (for any reason).<\/p>\n<p style=\"vertical-align: middle;\">The U.S. District Court ruled that the removal restriction of the CFPB director did not violate the Constitution, and the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the district court\u2019s decision. Seila Law appealed to the Supreme Court.<\/p>\n<p style=\"vertical-align: middle;\">The two questions before the Court were:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"vertical-align: middle;\">Whether the provision in Dodd-Frank that only allows the President to remove the CFPB director \u201cfor cause\u201d (for inefficiency, neglect of duty or malfeasance) violates the separation of powers clause in the Constitution \u2013 in other words, whether it improperly impinges on the President\u2019s authority to ensure that the laws of the United States are faithfully executed.<\/li>\n<li style=\"vertical-align: middle;\">If the provision is unconstitutional, whether the entire CFPB structure is unconstitutional or whether the removal provision can be severed from the remainder of Dodd-Frank while leaving the CFPB in place.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5 style=\"vertical-align: middle;\">The Decision<\/h5>\n<p style=\"vertical-align: middle;\">In a 5-4 decision written by Chief Justice John Roberts, the Court agreed with Seila Law and found that the CFPB\u2019s leadership by a single individual removable only \u201cfor cause\u201d violates the separation of powers clause of the Constitution. The Court stopped short of invalidating the entire Bureau but mandated that the President will be able to remove the director without cause.<\/p>\n<p style=\"vertical-align: middle;\">\u201cThe CFPB\u2019s single-director structure\u2026 [vests] significant governmental power in the hands of a single individual accountable to no one,\u201d Roberts wrote. \u201cThe Director is neither elected by the people nor meaningfully controlled (through the threat of removal) by someone who is. The Director does not even depend on Congress for annual appropriations\u2026Yet the Director may unilaterally, without meaningful supervision, issue final regulations, oversee adjudications, set enforcement priorities, initiate prosecutions, and determine what penalties to impose on private parties. With no colleagues to persuade, and no boss or electorate looking over her shoulder, the Director may dictate and enforce policy for a vital segment of the economy affecting millions of Americans.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"vertical-align: middle;\">The Court\u2019s conservative justices (Samuel Alito, Neil Gorsuch, Clarence Thomas, and Brett Kavanaugh) joined the opinion holding the removal provision to be unconstitutional, with all four liberal justices (Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Elena Kagan, Sonia Sotomayor, and Stephen Breyer) dissenting.<\/p>\n<p style=\"vertical-align: middle;\">After finding the CFPB\u2019s leadership structure to be unconstitutional, the Court decided that the removal provision could be severed from the rest of the statute without striking down the entire statutory framework governing the Bureau. The CFPB can continue to operate, Roberts concluded, \u201cbut its Director\u2026must be removable by the President\u201d for any reason. In this ruling on severability, Roberts lost two of the conservative justices (Thomas and Gorsuch), but prevailed because all four liberal justices concurred.<\/p>\n<h5 style=\"vertical-align: middle;\">The Implications<\/h5>\n<p style=\"vertical-align: middle;\">Here are just some of the implications of the Court\u2019s decision in<em> Seila Law:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"vertical-align: middle;\"><strong> A new President can immediately replace the CFPB director: <\/strong>If President Trump wins re-election, current CFPB Director Kathy Kraninger can serve out her five-year term through 2023 unless Trump chooses to remove her. If Joe Biden is elected, he will not need to wait until the expiration of Kraninger\u2019s current term to appoint his own director.<\/li>\n<li style=\"vertical-align: middle;\"><strong> Impact on pending CFPB enforcement actions: <\/strong>One question raised by the ruling is whether companies can challenge pending enforcement actions brought under a director who was unconstitutionally insulated from removal, and, if so, whether a succeeding director ratified that action. While the CFPB announced on July 7 that it was ratifying \u201cthe large majority of its existing regulations\u201d in light of the Seila Law decision, it said it \u201cis considering whether ratifications of certain other legally significant actions by the Bureau, such as pending enforcement actions, are appropriate. Where that is the case, the Bureau is making such ratifications separately.\u201d<\/li>\n<li style=\"vertical-align: middle;\"><strong> Potential impact on the Federal Housing Finance Authority (FHFA): <\/strong>The FHFA (which oversees Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac) also is run by a single director (currently Trump nominee Mark Calabria) who is insulated from removal by the President except for \u201cinefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office\u201d\u2014the same standard that applied to the CFPB director.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"vertical-align: middle;\">Shortly after its <em>Seila Law <\/em>ruling, the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case of <em>Collins v. Mnuchin, <\/em>in which the FHFA structure was declared unconstitutional by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals because its single director may be removed only for cause. Chief Justice Roberts did not indicate how the Court would rule on FHFA constitutionality in his <em>Seila Law <\/em>opinion, but he did reference the dispute. The FHFA is \u201cessentially a companion of the CFPB, established in response to the same financial crisis\u201d and \u201ca source of ongoing controversy\u201d, he said. However, he also noted that it does not engage in regulatory or enforcement authority \u201cremotely comparable\u201d to that exercised by the CFPB. The Court likely will hear oral arguments in <em>Collins v. Mnuchin<\/em> as early as October and is expected to issue a ruling in early 2021.<\/p>\n<p><em>Sue Johnson is the former executive director of RESPRO, the Real Estate Services Providers Council Inc. She retired in 2015 and is now a strategic alliance consultant.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau\u2019s (CFPB) single-director leadership structure violates the separation of powers clause in the U.S. Constitution.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15802,"featured_media":4822,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3255],"tags":[],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-279","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archive"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.4 (Yoast SEO v26.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Supreme Court Rules That the CFPB&#039;s Structure Is 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